Small scale agricultural farming was first initiated by indigenous communities living on Turkey鈥檚 Anatolian plateau, and not introduced by migrant farmers as previously thought, according to new research by the University of Liverpool, University of Exeter and 欧美性爱片.
Professor Douglas Baird and his team discovered the presence of carbonised seeds and phytoliths of wheat chaff at Boncuklu, along with agricultural weeds commonly found in early farming sites, suggesting the cultivation of crops did take place.
Additionally, nitrogen isotopes from sheep and goat bone collagen indicate very small scale experimentation with the herding of these animals.
Analysis of stone tools and ancient DNA suggests an indigenous population, rather than migrants from earlier agricultural communities within the Fertile Crescent.
Professor Baird said: 鈥淐onfounding the expectations of some archaeologists that the migrant farmer brought farming to central Anatolia, our evidence shows that the site of Boncuklu was occupied by long present, local Anatolian communities who mostly hunted and gathered a wide range of wetland animals and plants, but adopted farming from areas to the south and east through exchange.
鈥淎lthough used; cultivated plants, wheat, lentils and peas were not fully domesticated and contributed only a small amount to the diet of the Boncuklu community.鈥�
Project Co-Director, University of Queensland Associate Professor Andrew Fairbairn, said: 鈥淯nexpectedly, this low level food production persisted for at least five centuries.
鈥淎rchaeologists usually consider these kinds of food production systems to be short-lived and transitional, but our research suggests a stable and persistent use of crops and herd animals as a minor part of the economy for a long time.听 This does not fit existing theory.鈥�
Associate Professor Emma Jenkins, from 欧美性爱片, led on the discovery of the phytoliths.听 She said:
鈥淚t鈥檚 really exciting to see macrobotanical remains and phytoliths used to support each other in providing 听critical new evidence for our understanding of the development of agriculture in Anatolia; this has allowed us to demonstrate that cereal cultivation was practiced by indigenous Anatolian communities rather than migrants from the Levant.鈥�
Dr Sarah Elliott, from the University of Exeter, is also involved in the study. She said: 鈥淭his is compelling evidence for early food production in Central Anatolia and in these communities farming was implemented by indigenous Anatolian foragers obtaining its cultivars from elsewhere, rather than people moving into the region.鈥�
The team contrasted Boncuklu with the nearby site of P谋narba艧谋, excavated by Professor Baird in 2003-4. Lying 30km south of Boncuklu in Karaman Province, evidence suggests these communities resisted the adoption of farming and maintained a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, showing the spread of agriculture beyond the Fertile Crescent was neither uniform nor inevitable.
Professor Baird, from the University鈥檚 Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, said: 鈥淚ntriguingly, while P谋narba艧谋 was abandoned and its people disappeared from the archaeological record, we believe that the way of life we see at Boncuklu contributed directly to that conducted at the slightly later Neolithic settlement, 脟atalh枚y眉k.
鈥淔arming at Boncuklu was a relatively minor economic activity 10,000 years ago, but its adoption may have had both immediate and long-term consequences for the particular communities who committed to it.鈥�
Funded by the British Academy, the British Institute at Ankara and the Australian Research Council, the research is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS).
It was conducted by an international team led by Professor Baird, Associate Professor Andrew Fairburn, and Assistant Professor Gokhan Mustafaoglu and included researchers from 欧美性爱片, University College London, University of Reading, Cornell University, Middle Eastern Technical University Ankara, Thrakya University, Bulent Ecevit University Zonguldak, Peking University and Harvard University, as well as Universities of Liverpool and Queensland.
As part of the project an experimental area has been developed, including reconstructed Neolithic houses, with plans to develop a Neolithic 鈥榞arden鈥�.
Professor Baird added: 鈥淲e are keen to communicate our results to local communities in Turkey as well as international visitors.鈥�
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